Simple Past Tense

Simple Past: Regular Verbs

Introduction

The simple past tense is one of the most common tenses in English. Its form is the same with all subjects. It is usually formed by adding -ED to the verb. This page will explain the rules for forming the tense with regular verbs.

The past tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to place an action or situation in past time. In languages which have a past tense, it thus provides a grammatical means of indicating that the event being referred to took place in the past. Examples of verbs in the past tense include the English verbs sang, went and was.

In some languages, the grammatical expression of past tense is combined with the expression of other categories such as mood and aspect (see tense–aspect–mood). Thus a language may have several types of past tense form, their use depending on what aspectual or other additional information is to be encoded. French, for example, has a compound past (passé composé) for expressing completed events, an imperfect for expressing events which were ongoing or repeated in the past, as well as several other past forms.

Some languages that grammaticalise for past tense do so by inflecting the verb, while others do so periphrastically using auxiliary verbs, also known as "verbal operators" (and some do both, as in the example of French given above). Not all languages grammaticalise verbs for past tense – Mandarin Chinese, for example, mainly uses lexical means (words like "yesterday" or "last week") to indicate that something took place in the past, although use can also be made of the tense/aspect markers le and guo.

The "past time" to which the past tense refers generally means the past relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is employed (as in some instances ofindirect speech) it may mean the past relative to some other time being under discussion.^[1] A language's past tense may also have other uses besides referring to past time; for example, in English and certain other languages, the past tense is sometimes used in referring to hypothetical situations, such as in condition clauses like If you loved me ..., where the past tense loved is used even though there may be no connection with past time.

Some languages grammatically distinguish the recent past from remote past with separate tenses. There may be more than two distinctions.

A general past tense can be indicated with the glossing abbreviation pst.

1. Forming the simple past tense

With most verbs, the simple past is created simply by adding -ED. However, with some verbs, you need to add -D or change the ending a little. Here are the rules:

Verb ending in...	How to make the simple past	Examples
e	Add -D	live  lived date  dated
Consonant +y	Change y to i, then add -ED	try  tried cry  cried
One vowel + one consonant (but NOT w or y)	Double the consonant, then add -ED	tap  tapped commit  committed
anything else including w	Add -ED	boil  boiled fill  filled hand  handed show  showed

Simple Past: Irregular Verbs

Introduction

Although many verbs in English form their past tense with -ED, some do not. These are called irregular verbs, and they include some of the most basic verbs in English. This page will explain some of the most important patterns in forming the past tense. However, the only way to know how an irregular verb will change in the past tense is to learn all of the important verbs.

1. The three most important irregular verbs

The three most important irregular verbs are BE, HAVE, and DO. The simple past forms for BE are different depending on the subject.

Pronoun	BE	HAVE	DO
I	was	had	did
You	were	had	did
He / she / it	was	had	did
We	were	had	did
They	were	had	did

2. Other irregular verbs

Other irregular verbs fall into three main categories:

Category	Examples
Verbs which don't change	cut - cut hit - hit fit - fit
Verbs which change their vowel	get - got sit - sat drink - drank
Verbs which change completely	catch - caught bring - brought teach - taught

FORM

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

Examples:

·       You called Debbie.

·       Did you call Debbie?

·       You did not call Debbie.

Complete List of Simple Past Forms

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

·       I saw a movie yesterday.

·       I didn't see a play yesterday.

·       Last year, I traveled to Japan.

·       Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

·       Did you have dinner last night?

·       She washed her car.

·       He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

·       I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

·       He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

·       Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

·       I lived in Brazil for two years.

·       Shauna studied Japanese for five years.

·       They sat at the beach all day.

·       They did not stay at the party the entire time.

·       We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

·       A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

·       I studied French when I was a child.

·       He played the violin.

·       He didn't play the piano.

·       Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?

·       She worked at the movie theater after school.

·       They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

Examples:

·       She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

·       He didn't like tomatoes before.

·       Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?

·       People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.

Examples:

·       When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.

·       She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.

Example:

·       I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

·       You just called Debbie.

·       Did you just call Debbie?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

·       Tom repaired the car. Active

·       The car was repaired by Tom. Passive

Referensi:

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/pasted.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html

Simple Present Tense

Introduction

The simple present tense is one of the most common tenses in English. This page will explain the rules for forming the tense with regular verbs.

The present tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in present time.^[1] The term "present tense" is usually used in descriptions of specific languages to refer to a particular grammatical form or set of forms; these may have a variety of uses, not all of which will necessarily refer to present time. For example, in the English sentence My train leaves tomorrow morning, the verb form leaves is said to be in the present tense, even though in this particular context it refers to an event in future time. Similarly, in the historical present, the present tense is used to narrate events that occurred in the past.

1. Forming the simple present tense

There are only two basic forms for the simple present tense; one ends with -s and the other doesn't. Here are the rules, using the example verb "sing":

Subject	Verb Form	Example
I	simple form	I sing
You	simple form	You sing
He	simple form + S	He sings
She	simple form + S	She sings
It	simple form + S	It sings
We	simple form	We sing
They	simple form	They sing

In other words, only THIRD PERSON SINGULAR subjects (he, she and it) have to have a verb with -S.

2. -s or -es ?

With most verbs, the third person singular form is created simply by adding -S. However, with some verbs, you need to add -ES or change the ending a little. Here are the rules:

Verb ending in...	How to make the 3rd person singular	Example
s	Add -ES	He passes
z	Add -ES	She waltzes
sh	Add -ES	She wishes
ch	Add -ES	He watches
x	Add -ES	She mixes
o	Add -ES	He goes
consonant + y	Change Y to I, then add -ES	It flies
[anything else]	Add -S	He sings

FORM

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:

·       You speak English.

·       Do you speak English?

·       You do not speak English.

Complete List of Simple Present Forms

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:

·       I play tennis.

·       She does not play tennis.

·       Does he play tennis?

·       The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.

·       The train does not leave at 9 AM.

·       When does the train usually leave?

·       She always forgets her purse.

·       He never forgets his wallet.

·       Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.

·       Does the Sun circle the Earth?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:

·       Cats like milk.

·       Birds do not like milk.

·       Do pigs like milk?

·       California is in America.

·       California is not in the United Kingdom.

·       Windows are made of glass.

·       Windows are not made of wood.

·       New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:

·       The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.

·       The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.

·       When do we board the plane?

·       The party starts at 8 o'clock.

·       When does class begin tomorrow?

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbsand certain Mixed Verbs.

Examples:

·       I am here now.

·       She is not here now.

·       He needs help right now.

·       He does not need help now.

·       He has his passport in his hand.

·       Do you have your passport with you?

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

·       You only speak English.

·       Do you only speak English?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

·       Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active

·       Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive

Referensi:

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/StudyZone/330/grammar/pres.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tense

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresent.html

Women Entrepreneurs Tend to Be More Professional

Image source : women2.com

Women entrepreneurs have shown their movement in the economic development of Indonesia. The minister of Cooperatives and SMEs Sharif Hasan told a group of women entrepreneurs are proactive in improving the welfare at least in their family.

“Women Entrepreneurs is a group of active women who have dared to take the initiative in economic development in order to improve the welfare of the family,” said Sharif at the Young Entrepreneur and Independent Young Technopreneur 2014 in Senayan, Wednesday ( 15/01/2014 ).

Moreover, Sharif said that women entrepreneurs tend to be more professional. “Women entrepreneurs are more responsible and professional in managing finances,” he said .

Sharif said the government and banks have supported women entrepreneurs by providing financing access. Such access is expected to provide an opportunity for women entrepreneurs to develop their business.

“In 2013 the business credit (KUR) has exceeded U.S. $ 137 billion to 10 million borrowers. All financial access has been implemented” said Sharif.

Referensi:

http://www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net/2014/01/3-contoh-artikel-bahasa-inggris-tentang-ekonomi-dan-bisnis-di-indonesia.html

This Year, Rupiah Is Predicted Will Be Number 1 In Asia

Some analysts of the most accurate version of Bloomberg predicted that Rupiah will rise from the worst position to be the number one among other Asian currencies this year.

According to Lloyds Banking Group Plc, the rupiah will strengthen by 6.8 percent in 2014 to a level of 11,400 per U.S. dollar. Meanwhile, Societe Generale SA will see the rupiah was at 10,250 at the end of next year. In comparison, the median of 23 analysts surveyed by Bloomberg predict the rupiah will be at the level of 12,200 per U.S. dollar.

Among the 10 countries of Asia, only China can beat Indonesian growth.

There are several factors that will allegedly keep the Rupiah. One of them, a steady growth of the Indonesian economy and the reduce of trade deficit. Two factors are again the main attraction for foreign funds to re-invest in Indonesia.

“We predict the current value of the rupiah is below as it should be (undervalued) considered the dynamic growth in Indonesia,” said Jeavon Lolay, Global Research Director of Lloyds .

He added that the Indonesian economy will move in line with the positive growth in the global economy, which in turn will help to restore the level of exports in the next second quarter.

As a record, Indonesia’s currency has gained 0.7 percent this month to 12,085 per U.S. dollar. This is the best reinforcement among 11 Asian most frequently currencies traded.

 Referensi:
http://www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net/2014/01/3-contoh-artikel-bahasa-inggris-tentang-ekonomi-dan-bisnis-di-indonesia.html

The Foods and Beverages Merchants in Jabodetabek Lost Their Income Until Rp 200 billion

Bad weather that hit several regions in Indonesia is large enough to impact the food and beverage industry in this country. For only the Jabodetabek area, the floods predicted suppress the turnover to 25 percent.

Chairman of the Food and Beverage Association of Indonesia (Gapmmi) Adhi Lukman explained, a decrease of revenue is due to the difficulty of the distribution of products from the factory to the market because of the flooding block. Thus, it spreads on the decline in consumption.

As an overall result, Adhi estimated the food and beverage industry in Jabodetabek lost the income until Rp 200 billion per day. “In the normal situation, the income in each day for this region reached USD 800 billion,” he said on Tuesday (01/21/2014).

It is not only the distribution to the consumer, food and beverage manufacturers must also bear the losses due to the distribution of raw materials from the another region which also faltered.

For example, the transportation of fresh fruit and meat from Central Java, currently takes up to four days. Though, it usually takes only a half day. “Whereas within five days, the fresh raw materials will rot in about 50 percent” he said.

It hasn’t counted yet the losses because the factory could not be operated due to workers who could not get in because of flooding, or because there is no electricity supply due to outages by PLN in some areas.

Despite the losses is in sight, according to Adhi, manufacturers of foods and beverages will not raise their selling prices. Because this problem is only temporary.

Referensi:
http://www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net/2014/01/3-contoh-artikel-bahasa-inggris-tentang-ekonomi-dan-bisnis-di-indonesia.html

New Communication Technologies for Business

each successful business desires out to have one of the best communication equipment accessible that you can purchase. its barely an easy reality. if you really cant properly communicate along with your completely different branches, then your efficiency will require a giant hit. communicating isnt that laborious though. there are several advances within the past few years that grant nice benefits out to your efforts. 

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you may go utilizing a phone system through avaya partner acs. they will provide similar setups specifically for your own personal conference desires. its very barely concerning obtaining what you wish a reputable company. check to discover who has got native branches after which see whether or not one amongst their merchandise fits your capability desires higher. its laborious to inform you whats one of the best while not understanding your exact situation. these 2 firms ought to a very good method to begin though. only 1 phone decision may let you begin having teleconferences that create everything run smoother and a lot of efficiently. By Caitlina Fuller

Referensi:
http://contohartikelbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2013/09/artikel-tentang-bisnis.html