Passive Voice

Pengertian Passive Voice

Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak. 

Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject pada sentence atau clause berhubungan langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi.

Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (mempunyai direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.

Rumus Passive Voice

Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.

Catatan:

• Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being) maupun kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) maupun antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).
• Kombinasi auxiliary digunakan pada bentuk pasif pada tenses. Penjelasan lebih lengkap dapat dilihat di Bentuk Pasif pada Tenses, Infinitive, dan Gerund.
• Past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja transitive (memiliki direct object).

Contoh:

She can’t drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice, intransitive)

• Perubahan bentuk dari base form ke past tense dan past participle secara regular maupun irregular.

Contoh:

play (base form) —> played (past participle), sing (base form) —> sung (past participle)

Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:

Komponen			Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice
Subject	be	PP
I	am	paid	I am paid in dollars. (Saya dibayar dalam dollar.)
the red velvet recipe	is	used	The red velvet recipe is used by many people. (Resep red velvet tsb digunakan oleh banyak orang.)
all of my shoes	are	washed	All of my shoes are washed every month. (Semua sepatu saya dicuci setiap bulan.)
large amounts of meat and milk	are	consumed	Large amounts of meat and milk are consumed by many people in the countries. (Sejumlah besar daging dan susu dikonsumsi oleh banyak orang di negara-negara tsb.)
the book	was	edited	The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks. (Buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)
the books	were	edited	The books were edited by Beatrice Sparks. (Buku-buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)

Pengecualian pada Transitive Verbs

Tidak semua transitive verb, kata kerja yang memiliki direct object, dapat dipasifkan. Beberapa kata kerja tersebut yang antara lain: have, become, lack, look like, mean, dll akan terdengar tidak wajar maknanya ketika dipasifkan. Beberapa contoh kalimat dari kata kerja tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.

Contoh:

• I have a great new idea. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: A great new idea is had by me.
• The snack contains aspartame. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: Aspartame is contained by the snack

Transformasi Active menjadi Passive Voice

Active “normal” voice dapat ditransformasi atau dirubah bentuknya menjadi passive dengan tahapan sebagai berikut. 

Active Voice	—>	Passive Voice
Subject (doer of action) + action verb + Object (receiver of action)	—>	Subject (receiver of action) + auxiliary verb* + past participle +/- by …(doer of action)

^*Penjelasan mengenai auxiliary verb yang digunakan pada dapat dilihat pada bagian pendahuluan.

Contoh:

• Julia wrote the report. —> The report was written by Julia
• I have made a decision. —> A decision has been made by me.

Penggunaan dan Contoh

Beberapa penggunaan dan contoh perubahan kalimat aktif menjadi pasif adalah sebagai berikut.

Penggunaan	Contoh
	Active Voice	Passive Voice
digunakan ketika doer of action (pelaku aksi) tidak diketahui.	Someone knocked on your door last night.	Your door was knocked on last night.
	Somebody has used the computer without permission	The computer has been used without permission.
digunakan ketika doer of action tidak penting untuk disebutkan. Misalnya karena pelaku aksi tersebut sudah jelas / bisa ditebak atau merujuk kepada orang secara umum.	You can view the results on the web.	The final results can be viewed on the web.
	People seldom do physical exercises regularly.	Physical exercises are seldom done regularly.
	The teacher instructed the students to solve the math problem.	The students were instructed to solve the math problem.
digunakan untuk memberi penekanan pada object	Sunmark Press published The Enzyme Factor at the first time in 2005.	The Enzyme Factor was published at the first time in 2005 by Sunmark Press.
	I have to collect more than 20,000 dollars to buy the car.	More than 20,000 dollars have to be collected** to buy the car.
digunakan sebagai variasi pada tulisan. Misalnya pelaku aksi telah disebutkan pada kalimat sebelumnya.	KPK investigators knew that Neneng Sri Wahyuni returned to Indonesia. They arrested the woman on June 13.	KPK investigators knew that Neneng Sri Wahyuni returned to Indonesia. The woman was arrested on June 13.

**bentuk pasif dari infinitive

Rumus dan Contoh Passive Voice pada Tenses

Auxiliary untuk membentuk konstruksi pasif pada tenses dapat berupa auxiliary be (is, are, was, were), kombinasi antara dua primary auxiliary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been), atau antara primary auxiliary dengan modal verb (will be, will have been). Auxialiary tersebut kemudian dipadukan dengan past participle untuk membentuk passive verb form. Adapun rumus dan contoh passive voice pada beberapa macam tenses dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Tenses		Rumus	Contoh
Present	Simple	am/is/are + past participle	The crafts are made of wood.
	Continuous	am/is/are + being + past participle	The room is being cleaned.
	Perfect	has/have + been + past participle	Your requests have been approved.
Past	Simple	was/were + past participle	The mansion was built in 1990.
	Continuous	was/were + being + past participle	Your gown was being washed.
	Perfect	had + been+ past participle	The fence had been painted in green.
Future	Simple	will + be + past participle	The packet will be sent immediately.
	Perfect	will + have + been + past participle	The article will have been read ninety times.

Catatan:

Bentuk pasif dari perfect continuous sebaiknya dihindari karena rumit dan tidak elegan.

Passive Voice pada Infinitive

Bentuk pasif dari Infinitive phrase (frasa infinitive) dapat berperan sebagai subject, object, maupun modifier pada suatu kalimat. Rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada infinitive adalah sebagai berikut.

(to) be + past participle

Contoh:

• To be accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)
• Everyone needs to be loved. (Object)
• He is the man to be trusted for all the things. (Modifier)

Passive Voice pada Gerund

Bentuk pasif pada gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai subject, object, maupun object of preposition dalam suatu kalimat. Berikut rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada gerund.

being + past participle

Contoh:

• Being accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)
• My brother enjoyed being taken to the beach. (Object)
• My brother’s happy of being taken to the beach. (Object of preposition)

Pengertian Prepositional Passive

Passive voice dibentuk dengan menjadikan direct object pada active voice menjadi subject of sentence. Dengan demikian, aturan tersebut hanya berlaku untuk transitive verb (kata kerja yang diikuti direct object), tidak untuk intransitive verb (kata kerja yang tidak diikuti direct object). 
Lalu adakah bentuk pasif dari intransitive verb? Intransitive verb dapat dipasifkan jika di dalam kalimatnya mengandung prepositional phrase (terdiri preposition dan object of preposition). Object dari preposition tersebut kemudian dimajukan ke depan menjadi subject of sentence suatu passive voice.
Jadi, prepositional passive adalah bentuk pasif dimana subject of sentence pada kalimatnya berupa object of preposition yang diambil dari prepositional phrase pada bentuk kalimat aktifnya.

Rumus Prepositional Passive

Active Voice:

S + verbintransitive + preposition + object of preposition

Prepositional Passive*:

S (Object of Preposition) + auxiliary verb + past participleintransitive + preposition

*Berlaku untuk unergative verb (tipe intransitive verb)

Contoh Prepositional Passive

Berikut beberapa contoh kalimat active voice dan prepositional passive.

No	Contoh Kalimat Active Voice	Contoh Kalimat Prepositional Passive
1	The man sometimes swims in the ocean. (Pria itu kadang berenang di laut.)	The ocean is sometimes swum in by the the man. (Laut kadang direnangi oleh pria itu.)
2	More than 200 million people live in Indonesia. (Lebih dari 200 juta orang tinggal di Indonesia.)	Indonesia is lived in by more than 200 million people. (Indonesia ditinggali lebih dari 200 juta orang.)
3	Everybody laughed at the scientist. (Setiap orang menertawai ilmuwan itu.)	The scientist was laughed at by everybody. (Ilmuwan itu ditertawai oleh setiap orang.)
4	He accidentally ran over my RC car. (Dia tidak sengaja melindas mobil RC saya.)	My RC car was accidentally run over by him. (Mobil RC saya tidak sengaja dilindasnya.)

EXERCISE

Latihan Passive Voice

A.    Change the verb to the active voice and rewrite the sentence. Be sure to keep the same  tense. In    some cases, it will be necesary to supply a subject (see the second example).

1.      The books were taken by John.

Jhon took the books.

2.      The boxes were mailed today.

He mailed the boxes today

3.      The two packages were opened by my secretary.

My secretary opened the two packages.

4.      Our homework is corrected by our teacher.

Our teacher corrected our homework.

5.      Two buildings have been constructed by that company.

That company have constructed two buildings.

6.      That room wasn’t cleaned carefully yesterday.

He didn’t clean that room carefully yesterday.

7.      The truck is being loaded by the men now.

The men is loading the truck now.

8.      Was that machine checked by the inspector ?

Did the inspector checked that machine ?

9.      Will that report be written by the same committee ?

Will the same committe write that report ?

10.  Has the news been announced by the presiden yet ?

Has the president announced the news ?

11.  The mail is delivered to this office twice a day.

He delivered the mail to this office twice a day.

12.  All of us were suprised by his frank attitude.

His frank attitude suprised all of us.

13.  Was the repair work done by the mechanic ?

Did  the mechanic done the repair work ?

14.  He wasn’t very much respected by the employees.

The employees didn’t respected him very much.

15.  Are many courses in English given during the summer ?

Are you give many courses in English during the summer ?

     B.     Change the verb to the passive voice and rewrite the sentence. Be sure to keep the

 same                 tense.

1.      He signed the letter.

The letter was signed by him.

2.      The secretary opens the mail every morning.

The mail is opened by the secretary every morning.

3.      The committee is considering that proposal right now.

That proposal is being considered by the committee right now.

4.      The army will complete that project next  year.

That project will be completed by the army next year.

5.      His boss has transfered him to the another department.

He has been transfered by his boss to the another department. 

6.      Will the company distribute the announcements ?

Will the announcements be distributed bye the company ?

7.      An artist wrote that interisting article about Paris.

That interisting article about Paris was written by an artist.

8.      Today a large number of people speak English.

Today English spoke by a large number of people.

9.      Didn’t they return those books to the library ?

Wasn’t those book returned by them to the library ?

10.  The government has not changed that regulation yet.

That regulation has not been changed by the government yet.

11.  Someone stole all her valuable jewelry last night.

Her valuable jewelry was stolen by someone last night.

12.  Miss Peters wrote all of the reports for Mr. Jhonson.

All of the reports for Mr. Jhonson was written by miss Peters.

13.  Bad weather has delayed flight 202 from Miami.

Flight 202 from Miami has been delayed by bad weather.

14.  Did the court divide the money among the children ?

Was the money among the children by the court divided ?

15.  Many scholars have translated that famous Greek epic.

That famous Greek epic have been translated by many scholars.

ACTIVE VS PASSIVE

Use the correct voice (active or passive) and the correct tense of verb in each sentence.

1.      Everyone (shock) by the terrible news yesterday.

 The terrible news was shocked everyone yesterday.

2.      Almost everyone (enjoy) the lecture last night.

The lecture was enjoyed by almost everyone last night.

3.      English (teach) in the schools of almost every nation.

English taught in the schools of almost every nation.

4.      That proposal (consider) by the members right now.

That proposal is considering by the members right now.

5.      The accident (happen) right here at 6:30 last night.

The accident happened right here at 6:30 last night.

6.      Smith (teach) at the University of Washington since 1948.

Smith has taught at the University of Washington since 1948.

7.      Mr. Harris (divide) the class into two sections tomorrow.

The class will be divided into two sections by Mr. Harris tomorrow.

8.      Wilson (borrow) the money from Brown two weeks ago.

Wilson borrowed the money from Brown two weeks ago.

9.      Not much (say) about the matter since that time.

Not much said about the matter since that time.

10.  My friend (write) to me about it several times now.

My friend is writing to me about it several times now.

11.  Davis (promote) to the rank of sergeant last week.

Davis was promoted to the rank of sergeant last week.

12.  That event (occur) shortly after the meeting last week.

That event occurred shortly after the meeting last week.

13.  All the students (bring) guests to the party tomorrow night.

Guests will be brought by all the students to the party tomorrow night.

14.  Less than half of the cans of paint (use) up to now.

The cans of paint is being used less than half up to now.

15.  More classes in English (list) in the catalog next fall.

The catalog will be listed more classes in English next fall.

16.  Everything (go) well so far. There (be) no trouble yet.

Everything is going well so far. There is no trouble yet.

17.  That movie about Napoleon’s life (disappoint) me greatly.

That movie about Napoleon’s life disappointed me greatly.

18.  The mail (deliver, always) to this office before 10 a.m.

The mail is always deliver to this office before 10 a.m.

19.  Who (furnish) the food for the picnic next weekend?

Who will furnish the food for the picnic next weekend?

20.  At this time, much attention (devote) to that problem.

At this time, much attention is devoting to that problem.

21.  Think carefully. I’m sure you (remember) his name.

Think carefully. I’m sure you remember his name.

22.  We (treat) very kindly by our hosts last Saturday.

Our hosts were treated us very kindly last Saturday.

23.  Mr. Wilson (make) something interesting statements yesterday.

Something interesting statements were made by Mr. Wilson yesterday.

24.  A new textbook (publish) by that company next year.

That company will publish a new textbook next year.

25.  The noise from the trains (annoy) me terribly last night.

The noise from the trains annoyed me terribly last night.

26.  That old red house (build) in the year 1822.

That old red house was built in the year 1822.

27.  The report (examine, not) by a committee of experts yet.

A committee of expert has not examine the report yet.

28.  Cocktails (serve) to the guests about 10 minutes from now.

Cocktails will be served to the guests about 10 minutes from now.

29.  His sharp remarks (embarrass) everyone last night.

His sharp remarks embarrassed everyone last night.

30.   Fred (introduce) to the fellow by Mr. Brown yesterday.

Mr. Brown introduced Fred to the fellow yesterday.

31.  Listen to this! I think this news (surprise) you!

Listen to this! I think this news will surprise you!

32.  The Ajax Shoe Company (employ) 25 new men next month.

The Ajax Shoe Company will employ 25 new men next month.

33.  Only 25 new students (admit) into the department in 1955.

Only 25 new students were admitted into the department in 1955.

34.  A second coat of paint (spread) over that surface tomorrow.

A second coat of paint will spread over that surface tomorrow.